Xanthium strumarium L.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds Protein Content

49.10% Entire seed/nut. Moisture content not stated (Barclay & Earle, 1974)

Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/

Vernacular

cadillo, cardo

Extinction risk predictions for the world's flowering plants to support their conservation (2024). Bachman, S.P., Brown, M.J.M., Leão, T.C.C., Lughadha, E.N., Walker, B.E. https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.19592

Conservation

Predicted extinction risk: not threatened. Confidence: confident

Ghazanfar, S. A., Edmondson, J. R. & Hind, D. J. N. (Eds). (2019). Flora of Iraq, Volume 6: Compositae.Kew Publishing

Morphology General Habit

Erect, scabrid, glandular, little-branched herb, 20–68(–200) cm tall,  often  usually (?always) with purple-mottled stems

Morphology Leaves

Leaves petiolate, lamina ovate, broadly lanceolate or triangular in outline, (1.5–)5–11 × (1.5–)5–8(–14) cm, cordate, cuneate, acute to obtuse variously ± distinctly 3–5(–7)-lobed, lobes irregularly crenulate or more sharply toothed, both surfaces clad with white bristles and sessile yellow glands, petiole (0.8–)7(–12.3) cm

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets

Florets 3.5–4 mm long, funnel- shaped, externally glandular in upper ½

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens Anthers

Anthers ± 1.5 mm

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Capitulum

Female capitula with uniseriate involucre of numerous, free, lanceolate, hairy and glandular phyllaries, 3 × 1 mm, beaks incurved, erect or divergent, styles filiform, papillose Capitula solitary or more usually in clusters, sub-pedunculate,  aromatic  when  bruised14; male capitula subglobose to ovoid ± 7 mm in diameter; phyllaries lanceolate-hairy and glandular, 3 × 0.5–1 mm; receptacular scales obovate, 3 mm

Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits

Fruit an oblong-ellipsoid or ovoid burr, 12–32 mm × 6–9 mm (excluding spines), spines up to 7 mm long, often pubescent at base and between spines

Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds

Seed compressed, obovate in outline, with thin, black epidermis, longitudinally ribbed, 9–16 × 4 mm, hemispherical in transverse section, with or without 2 narrow longitudinal wings, styles persisting as a bristle-like appendage ± 5 mm.

Ecology

Rocky mountain slopes and steppe hills near springs, on sandy soil or gravel, also on cultivated land; on the irrigated alluvial plain on river banks and as a weed in fields; alt. up to ± 1650 m;

Phenology

flowering & fruiting: (Jun.-)Sept.-Oct.(-Feb.).

Distribution

Occasional in the mountains and foothills, quite common on the alluvial plain. Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Turkey, N & S America, Europe, Africa etc.; distribution almost world-wide.

Vernacular

Burweed, Clotbur (Am.). HASACH (a general name for spiny plants) and LIZZAIJ (also a general name for “sticky” plants which cling) are given by Guest (1933).

Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Distribution

Adventicia en Colombia; Alt. 500 - 1600 m.; Andes.

Morphology General Habit

Hierba, arbusto

Conservation

No Evaluada

M. Thulin. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1–4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS

Morphology General Habit

Cosmopolitan weed. Annual or short‑lived perennial herb, 30–90 cm high, sometimes to 3 m in moist sites; stems unarmed, slightly scabrid

Morphology Leaves

Leaves broadly ovate to triangular, simple or 3–5-lobed, 4–15´4–8 cm, base cordate though cuneate into the petiole, margins irregularly dentate, apex acute to acuminate, scabrid, 3–5-nerved from base; petiole to 15 cm long

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Capitulum

Male capitula sessile, involucre 2–3 mm long, florets to 2 mm long; female capitula axillary, solitary or in small groups, subsessile; fused involucre ellipsoid, 12–35 mm long, 8–15 mm across, covered in straight or hooked spines.

Distribution

Biogeografic region: Andean. Elevation range: 500–1600 m a.s.l. Naturalised in Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia, Cesar, Norte de Santander, Santander.

Habit

Herb, Shrub.

Ecology

Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: shrubland, artificial - terrestrial.

Use Food

Used for food.

Use Medicines

Medical uses.